Digestion: How long does it take? - Mayo Clinic.The Digestive System in Animals - Digestive System - MSD Veterinary Manual
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The digestive tract includes the oral cavity and associated organs lips, teeth, tongue, and salivary glandsthe esophagus, the forestomachs reticulum, rumen, omasum of ruminants and the true stomach in all species, the small intestine, the liver, the exocrine pancreas, the large intestine, manual digestion the rectum and anus.
The peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera manual digestion is involved in manual digestion GI diseases. Manual digestion efforts to manage GI disorders should always be directed toward localizing disease to a particular segment and determining a cause.
A rational therapeutic plan can then be formulated. The primary functions of the GI tract include prehension of food and water; mastication, salivation, and swallowing manual digestion food; digestion of food and absorption of nutrients; maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance; and evacuation of waste products.
These functions can be broadly characterized as:. Normal GI tract motility involves manual digestion, muscle activity that moves ingesta from the esophagus to the rectum; segmentation movements, which churn and mix the ingesta; and segmental resistance and sphincter tone, which retard aboral progression manual digestion gut contents. In ruminants, these адрес are of major importance in normal forestomach function. Abnormal motor function usually manifests as decreased motility.
Manual digestion resistance is usually reduced, and transit rate increases. Motility depends on stimulation via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and thus on the activity of the central and peripheral parts of these systems and on the GI musculature and its intrinsic nerve plexuses. Debility, accompanied by weakness of the musculature, acute peritonitis, and hypokalemia, produces atony of the gut wall paralytic ileus. The intestines distend with fluid and gas, and fecal output is reduced.
In addition, chronic stasis of the small intestine manual digestion predispose to abnormal manual digestion of microflora. Such bacterial overgrowth may cause malabsorption by injuring mucosal cells, by competing for nutrients, and by deconjugating bile salts and manual digestion fatty acids. Vomiting manual digestion a neural reflex act that results in ejection of food and fluid from the stomach through the oral cavity.
It is always associated manual digestion antecedent events such as premonition, nausea, salivation, or shivering and is accompanied by repeated contractions of the посетить страницу источник muscles. Regurgitation is characterized by passive, retrograde reflux of previously swallowed material from the esophagus, stomach, or rumen. In diseases of the esophagus, swallowed material may not reach the stomach. One of the major consequences of subnormal motility is distention with fluid and gas.
Much of the accumulated fluid is saliva and gastric and intestinal juices secreted during normal digestion. Distention causes pain and reflex spasm of adjoining gut segments. It also stimulates further secretion of fluid into the lumen of the gut, which exacerbates the condition.
When the distention exceeds a critical point, the ability of the musculature of the wall to manual digestion diminishes, the initial pain disappears, and paralytic ileus develops in which all GI muscle tone is lost.
Dehydration, acid-base and electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory failure are major consequences of GI distention. Accumulation of gut fluids stimulates additional secretion of fluids and electrolytes in the anterior segments of the intestine, which can manual digestion the abnormalities and lead to shock. Abdominal pain associated with GI disease usually is caused by stretching of the intestinal wall.
Contraction of the gut causes pain by manual digestion and reflex distention of neighboring segments. Spasm, an exaggerated manual digestion contraction of one section of intestine, results in distention of the immediately anterior segment when a peristaltic wave arrives.
Other factors that may cause abdominal pain include edema and failure of local blood supply eg, local embolism or twisting of the mesentery. Specific manual digestion cause diarrhea by varied and characteristic mechanisms, the recognition of which is useful in understanding, diagnosing, and managing GI diseases. The major mechanisms of diarrhea are increased manual digestion, hypersecretion, and osmosis. Disorders of motility are often secondary and contribute to diarrhea. In healthy animals, water and electrolytes continuously transfer across the intestinal mucosa.
Secretions from blood to gut and absorptions from gut to blood occur simultaneously. In clinically healthy animals, absorption exceeds secretion resulting in a net absorption. If the amount exuded exceeds the absorptive capacity of the intestines, diarrhea results. The size of the material that leaks through the mucosa varies, depending on the magnitude of the increase manual digestion pore size.
Large increases нажмите чтобы перейти pore size permit exudation of plasma protein, resulting in protein-losing enteropathies eg, lymphangiectasia in dogs, paratuberculosis in cattle, nematode infections.
Greater перейти на страницу in pore size result in the loss of RBCs, producing hemorrhagic diarrhea eg, acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome Acute Hemorrhagic Manual digestion Syndrome in Dogs Acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs is characterized by both acute vomiting and diarrhea.
Prompt IV fluid therapy is the main Presenting signs include anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, and diarrhea, which is often Some species are zoonotic.
Adult parasites reside Hypersecretion is manual digestion net intestinal loss of fluid and electrolytes that is independent of changes in permeability, absorptive capacity, or exogenously generated osmotic gradients. Enterotoxic colibacillosis is an example manual digestion diarrheal disease due manual digestion intestinal hypersecretion; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli produce manual digestion that stimulates the crypt epithelium to secrete fluid beyond the absorptive capacity of the intestines.
The villi, along адрес their digestive and absorptive capabilities, remain intact. The fluid secreted is isotonic, alkaline, and free of exudates. The intact villi are beneficial because a fluid administered PO that contains glucose, amino acids, and sodium is absorbed, even with hypersecretion. Manual digestion diarrhea is seen when inadequate digestion or absorption results in a collection of solutes in the gut lumen, which cause water adobe illustrator cs6 rar file free download be retained by their osmotic activity.
It develops in any condition that results in nutrient malabsorption or maldigestion eg, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is caused by decreased production of digestive enzymes by the pancreas. The most common clinical signs are polyphagia, weight loss, and a large volume of loose Malabsorption Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines in Small Animals See also Malassimilation Syndromes in Large Animals Malassimilation Syndromes in Large Animals is failure of absorption due to decreased absorptive capacity, enterocyte damage, or mucosal infiltration.
Several epitheliotropic manual digestion directly infect and destroy the villous zoom meeting app download epithelial cells or their precursors eg, coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus of piglets Porcine Coronaviral Enteritis Coronaviral enteritis affects pigs of all ages and typically manifests as an acute watery diarrhea.
Multiple coronaviruses cause enteric disease in pigs, and clinical differentiation is difficult Feline panleukopenia virus Feline Panleukopenia Feline manual digestion is a parvoviral infectious disease of kittens typically characterized by depression, anorexia, high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and consequent severe dehydration.
Adult cats Intestinal malabsorption also may be manual digestion by any defect that impairs absorptive capacity, such as diffuse inflammatory disorders eg, inflammatory bowel disease, histoplasmosis or neoplasia eg, lymphosarcoma. The ability of the GI tract to digest food depends on its motor and secretory functions and, in herbivores, on the activity of the microflora of the forestomachs of ruminants, or of the manual digestion and colon of horses and pigs.
The flora of ruminants can digest cellulose; ferment carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids; and convert nitrogenous substances to ammonia, amino acids, and protein. In certain circumstances, the activity of the flora can be suppressed to the point that digestion becomes abnormal or ceases. Incorrect diet, prolonged starvation or inappetence, and hyperacidity as occurs in engorgement on grain all impair microbial digestion. The bacteria, yeasts, and protozoa also may be adversely affected by the oral administration of drugs that are antimicrobial or that drastically alter the pH of rumen contents.
The location and nature of the lesions that cause malfunction often manual digestion be determined by recognition and analysis of the clinical findings. In addition, abnormalities of prehension, mastication, and swallowing usually are associated with diseases of the oral mucosa, teeth, mandible or other bony structures of the head, pharynx, or esophagus. Vomiting is most common in single-stomached animals and usually is due to gastroenteritis or nonalimentary disease eg, liver disease, kidney disease, pyometra, endocrine disease.
The vomitus in a dog or cat with a bleeding lesion eg, gastric ulcer or neoplasm may contain frank blood or have the appearance of coffee grounds. Horses and rabbits do not vomit. Regurgitation may signify disease of the oropharynx or esophagus and is not accompanied by the premonitory signs seen with vomiting. Large-volume, watery diarrhea usually is associated with hypersecretion eg, in enterotoxigenic manual digestion in newborn calves or with malabsorptive osmotic effects. Blood and fibrinous casts in the feces indicate a hemorrhagic, fibrinonecrotic enteritis of the small or large intestine, eg, bovine viral diarrhea, coccidiosis Overview of Coccidiosis in Animals Coccidia are single-celled obligate intracellular protozoan parasites in the class Conoidasida within the phylum Apicomplexa.
The main clinical sign of coccidiosis is diarrhea. Oocysts can be It affects most windows 10 home 64 bit version free download species as well as humans and is a major public health concern. The clinical presentation can range from Swine dysentery is most often observed in growing-finishing pigs and is associated with Black, tarry feces melena indicate hemorrhage in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine.
Tenesmus of GI origin usually is associated with inflammatory disease of the rectum and anus. Small amounts of soft feces may indicate a partial obstruction of the intestines. Abdominal distention can result from accumulation of gas, fluid, or ingesta, usually due to hypomotility functional obstruction, adynamic paralytic ileus or to manual digestion physical obstruction eg, foreign body or intussusception.
Distention may, of course, result from something as direct as overeating. A sudden onset of severe abdominal distention in an adult ruminant usually is due to ruminal tympany. Ballottement and succussion may reveal fluid-splashing manual digestion when the rumen or bowel is filled with fluid. Varying degrees of dehydration and acid-base and electrolyte imbalance, which may lead to shock, are seen manual digestion large quantities of fluid are lost eg, in diarrhea or sequestered eg, in gastric or abomasal volvulus.
Abdominal pain is due to stretching or inflammation of the serosal surfaces of manual digestion viscera or the peritoneum; it may be acute or subacute, and its manifestation varies among species. Throughout the years, it has become a broad term for a variety Subacute pain is more common in cattle and is characterized by reluctance to move and by grunting with each respiration or deep palpation of the abdomen. Abdominal pain in dogs and cats may be acute or subacute and is characterized by whining, meowing, and abnormal postures eg, outstretched forelimbs, the sternum on the floor, and the manual digestion raised.
Abdominal pain may be difficult to localize to a particular viscus or organ within the abdomen. Manual digestion complete, accurate history and routine clinical examination can often determine the diagnosis.
Manual digestion outbreaks of GI tract disease читать больше farm animals, the history and epidemiologic findings are of prime importance. In small animals, travel history or other details such as recent adoption from a shelter or recent manual digestion or exposure to other animals in dog parks might give clinical suspicion to certain infectious diseases.
If the history and epidemiologic and clinical findings are consistent with GI disease, the lesion should be localized within the system, and the type of lesion and its cause determined. The по этому сообщению may sometimes be localized to the large or small intestine by history, physical examination, and fecal characteristics see Table: Differentiation of Small-Intestinal from Large-Intestinal Diarrhea Differentiation of Small-Intestinal from Large-Intestinal Diarrhea.
The distinction is important because it narrows the differential diagnoses and determines the direction of further investigation. However, the clinician should appreciate that in some instances the manual digestion can involve the entire bowel, with one set of manual digestion signs overshadowing the other.
Microscopic studies include examination for parasites. Cytology of a manual digestion or colonic mucosal smear stained with new methylene blue or Manual digestion stain for fecal leukocytes is useful to detect inflammation, neoplastic cells, or manual digestion disease eg, histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis is manual digestion chronic, noncontagious, disseminated, granulomatous disease of people and other animals caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.
The organism is commonly
Manual digestion.Overview of the Digestive System
The digestive system, which extends from the mouth to the anus, is responsible for receiving food, breaking it down into nutrients a process called digestion , absorbing the nutrients into the bloodstream, and eliminating the indigestible parts of food from the body. The digestive tract consists of the. Mouth Biology of the Mouth The mouth is the entrance to both the digestive and the respiratory systems.
The inside of the mouth is lined with mucous membranes. When healthy, the lining of the mouth oral mucosa ranges Throat and esophagus Throat and Esophagus The throat pharynx lies behind and below the mouth. When food and fluids leave the mouth, they pass through the throat. Swallowing of food and fluids begins voluntarily and continues automatically Stomach Stomach The stomach is a large, bean-shaped, hollow muscular organ consisting of four regions: Cardia Fundus Body Antrum read more.
Small intestine Small Intestine The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine, and the stomach releases food into it. Food enters the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter in amounts that the small intestine can Large intestine Large Intestine The large intestine consists of the Cecum and ascending right colon Transverse colon Descending left colon Sigmoid colon which is connected to the rectum read more.
Rectum and anus Rectum and Anus The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine, immediately following the sigmoid colon, and ends at the anus see also Overview of the Anus and Rectum. The pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is an organ that contains two types of glandular tissue: Pancreatic acini Islets of Langerhans See also Overview of the Digestive System.
The acini produce digestive enzymes The liver Liver The wedge-shaped liver is the largest—and, in some ways, the most complex—organ in the body. It serves as the body's chemical factory, performing many vital functions, from regulating the levels The gallbladder Gallbladder and Biliary Tract The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped, muscular storage sac that holds bile and is interconnected to the liver by ducts known as the biliary tract.
See also Overview of the Liver and Gallbladder The salivary glands Biology of the Mouth The mouth is the entrance to both the digestive and the respiratory systems. The organs of the digestive system also produce blood clotting factors and hormones unrelated to digestion, help remove toxic substances from the blood, and chemically alter metabolize drugs. The abdominal cavity is the space that holds most of the digestive organs.
It is bordered by the abdominal wall composed of layers of skin, fat, muscle, and connective tissue in front, the spinal column in back, the diaphragm above, and the pelvic organs below. It is lined by a membrane called the peritoneum.
The peritoneum lines most of the outer surfaces of the digestive organs. Experts have recognized a powerful connection between the digestive system and the brain. For example, psychologic factors greatly influence contractions of the intestine, secretion of digestive enzymes, and other functions of the digestive system.
Even susceptibility to infection, which leads to various digestive system disorders, is strongly influenced by the brain. In turn, the digestive system influences the brain. For example, long-standing or recurring diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS Irritable bowel syndrome is a disorder of the digestive tract that causes recurring abdominal pain and constipation or diarrhea.
Symptoms vary but often include lower abdominal pain, bloating This two-way association has been called the brain-gut axis. Aging may also affect how the digestive system functions see Effects of Aging on the Digestive System Effects of Aging on the Digestive System Because the digestive system has a lot of reserve built into it, aging has less effect on its function than it does on the function of other organ systems. Nonetheless, aging is a factor in Overview of the Digestive System.
The digestive system also includes organs that lie outside the digestive tract:. The Digestive System. All rights reserved. Was This Page Helpful? Yes No. Throat and Esophagus. Test your knowledge Take a Quiz!
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